最新のSEND問題集で試験を準備する

A 42-year-old motor mechanic was referred to the dermatologist with small cauliflower-like deposits on the points of his elbows. He was generally well, but on systemic enquiry, he described intermittent claudication. He had previously been hypertensive, and was taking thyroxine for primary hypothyroidism.
On examination, he was moderately obese. He had xanthelasmata on the upper eyelids of both eyes and tuberoeruptive xanthomata on both elbows, both knees and the nape of the neck.
Investigations:
serum alanine aminotransferase78 U/L (5-35)
fasting plasma glucose7.8 mmol/L (3.0-6.0)
serum urate0.48 mmol/L (0.23-0.46)
serum cholesterol13.4 mmol/L (<5.2)
serum LDL cholesterolnot measurable
serum HDL cholesterol0.90 mmol/L (>1.55)
fasting serum triglycerides9.32 mmol/L (0.45-1.69)
apolipoprotein E genotypehomozygous for apolipoprotein E2
What is the most likely diagnosis?

• A. heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia
• B. lipoprotein lipase deficiency
• C. familial combined hyperlipidaemia
• D. abetalipoproteinaemia
• E. type III hyperlipidaemia (dysbetalipoproteinaemia)

A 54-year-old man was referred to the diabetes foot clinic with a plantar foot ulcer of 3 months' duration under the right first metatarsal head. He had a 10-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. He lived alone and had to do his own shopping and cleaning.
On examination, the ulcer was 3 ? 2 cm in area, 4 mm in depth, and had a clean granulating base. He had strong palpable pedal pulses and sensory neuropathy in both feet.
What is the most effective intervention to heal this ulcer?

• A. total contact casting
• B. removable pressure-relieving boot
• C. ambulatory vacuum-assisted pump therapy
• D. Manuka honey-impregnated wound dressing
• E. long-term oral antibiotics

A 16-year-old Caucasian girl presented with a 4-year history of facial hair growth, acne and secondary amenorrhoea.
On examination, her body mass index was 20 kg/m2 (18-25). Her gums and palmar creases were pigmented. Facial hair was evident on her upper lip and chin, and terminal hair was evident on her chest and abdomen. Her Ferriman-Gallwey score was 25. She had acne affecting her face and back.
Investigations:
serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate15 umol/L (3-12)
serum androstenedione12.2 nmol/L (0.6-8.8)
serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone120 nmol/L (1-10)
serum testosterone6.0 nmol/L (0.5-3.0)
serum sex hormone binding globulin18 nmol/L (40-137)
What treatment is likely to be of most benefit?

• A. cyproterone acetate
• B. metformin
• C. hydrocortisone
• D. flutamide
• E. fludrocortisone

A 46-year-old Afro-Caribbean man with sarcoidosis was found to have hypercalcaemia and was treated with prednisolone 20 mg/day. Within 3 weeks his serum calcium had fallen to within the reference range.
How do glucocorticoids reduce serum calcium in sarcoidosis?

• A. increase intravascular fluid volume
• B. promote urinary calcium excretion
• C. direct calcium shift into cells
• D. reduces extrarenal 1-?-hydroxylase activity
• E. suppress parathyroid hormone secretion

A 26-year-old woman was urgently referred to clinic with a 6-week history of retroorbital headaches and deteriorating vision. Her past medical history was unremarkable, although on questioning she admitted that she had recently found it increasingly difficult to cope with her busy job.
On examination, her pulse was 60 beats per minute and regular, and her blood pressure was 110/75 mmHg lying and 90/60 mmHg standing. She was pale and had dry skin. Visual acuities were reduced (6/12 right; 6/24 left), and she had a bitemporal inferior quadrantanopia.
Investigations:
serum sodium132 mmol/L (137-144) serum potassium4.0 mmol/L (3.5-4.9)
short tetracosactide Synacthen@ test (250 micrograms): serum cortisol (30 min after tetracosactide)185 nmol/L (>550)
plasma follicle-stimulating hormone2.7 U/L plasma luteinising hormone3.5 U/L serum prolactin1050 mU/L (<360) serum thyroid-stimulating hormone0.3 mU/L (0.4-5.0) serum free T48.0 pmol/L (10.0-22.0)
serum insulin-like growth factor 14.7 nmol/L (7.5-37.3)
MR scan of brainsee image

What is the most likely diagnosis?

• A. craniopharyngioma
• B. prolactinoma
• C. non-functioning pituitary adenoma
• D. autoimmune hypophysitis
• E. Rathke's cleft cyst